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State and Local Property Tax Revenue Grows in the First Quarter

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In the first quarter of 2025, state and local governments experienced an increase in property tax revenue growth. On a seasonally adjusted basis, state and local government property tax revenue grew 1.1% over the quarter, according to the Census Bureau’s quarterly summary of state and local tax revenue. Meanwhile, total tax revenue for state and local governments grew 1.3% over the quarter, with corporate income tax revenue up 6.6%, sales tax revenue up 0.9% and individual income tax revenue up 0.2%.

Property tax revenue stood at $203.4 billion in the first quarter, a slight increase from $201.1 billion in the fourth quarter. While this does show growth over the quarter, growth has notably slowed over the past year. The quarterly growth in the first quarter of 2024 was almost double (2.1%) the current rate. On a year-over-year basis, property tax revenue was 5.2% higher, up from $193.3 billion.

Property taxes typically make up the largest share of the total tax revenue for state and local governments, accounting for over one-third at 37.8% in the first quarter. The second highest revenue source was sales tax at 27.7%, totaling $148.9 billion, followed closely by individual income tax at 26.1% ($140.5 billion). Corporate income tax rounded out the remaining 8.4% at $45.4 billion.

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State of Local Homeownership Prior to the Election

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With housing being a key issue for the 2024 election cycle, it is worth analyzing distinct characteristics as well as similarities that housing markets in congressional districts share. The differences start with a substantial variation in homeownership rates across congressional districts.

While the 2023 American Community Survey (ACS) reports that close to two thirds of US households (65.2%) are home owners, there are forty congressional districts where renter households represent the majority. In twelve of these districts, renters account for more than two thirds of households. This list includes eight urban high-density congressional districts in New York, three districts in California and New Jersey’s 8th congressional district. The pattern of urban congressional districts registering lower home ownership rates repeats across the country.

At the other end of the spectrum, there are seven congressional districts with home owners representing over 80% of households. These include three districts in Michigan, two in New York, and one in both Maryland, and Minnesota.

New York stands out with simultaneous congressional districts with the lowest and second highest homeownership rates. Close to 84% of households in New York’s 1st district located in eastern Long Island are home owners. The only other congressional district that registers a higher homeownership rate is Michigan’s 9th congressional district located in the Thumb at 85%.   In contrast, in New York’s urban 13th and 15th districts, home owners comprise a minority of less than 16% and 13%, respectively.

California is another example of substantial variation of homeownership rates across congressional districts within a state. In California’s 41st district in Riverside County, 3 out of 4 households are home owners. At the same time, in California’s 34th district in the city of Los Angeles, only 22% of households live in a home they own. 

Population density, racial and ethnical makeup, as well as varying cost of ownership, all contribute to substantial variation in homeownership rates across the US congressional districts.

Additional housing data for your congressional district are provided by the US Census Bureau here.

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State and Local Tax Revenue – 2024 Second Quarter Analysis

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State & local tax revenue from property taxes paid reached $780.9 billion in the four quarters ending in the second quarter of 2024 (seasonally adjusted), according to the Census Bureau’s estimates. This is a 1.7% increase from the revised $767.7 billion in the four quarters ending in the first quarter of 2024. Year-to-date, total state and local tax revenue was $1.05 trillion. This was 5% higher than the $995.7 billion through the first two quarters of 2023.

The 1.7% increase in the four-quarter property tax revenue was down from the previous quarter of 1.8%. Property tax revenues have continued to grow above the average rate of 0.96% since 2011, with this quarter marking the seventh consecutive quarter of above average growth.

Year-over-year, property tax revenue was 9.1% higher. Year-over-year growth in property tax revenue has consistently been above 9% for four consecutive quarters. Dating back to 2012, the average year-over-year growth is 4.0%.

The property tax share of total state & local tax collections in the second quarter stood at 37.8%, down from 37.9%. This was the first decline in the share since its recent trough in the third quarter of 2022 (33.7%).

Of total collections, property tax made up the largest share, followed by sales tax at 28.0%. Individual income tax represented 25.5% of tax revenue, while corporate tax made up the remaining 8.7% of revenues for state & local revenues in the second quarter of 2024.

Over the past decade, state & local governments have been most reliant on property taxes for revenue. Sales tax has had an increased importance since 2023, when the share of sales tax of total revenues grew above individual income tax shares. See the chart below for the trends of total tax revenues shares.

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