construction statistics

In Research & Trends

Permit Activity Weakens in April 2025

June 16, 2025 No Comments

Housing permits continued a downhill trend for the fourth month in a row, pointing to a broader residential construction slowdown for 2025. Over the first four months of 2025, the total number of single-family permits issued year-to-date (YTD) nationwide reached 320,259. On a year-over-year (YoY) basis, this is a decline of 4.7% over the April 2024 level of 336,124. For multifamily, the total number of permits issued nationwide reached 154,668. This is 1.5% below the April 2024 level of 157,076.

Year-to-date ending in April, single-family permits were down in three out of the four regions. The Northeast posted an increase of 5.7%. The Midwest was down by 0.6%, the West was down by 5.6%, and the South was down by 6.1% in single-family permits during this time. For multifamily permits, three out of the four regions posted increases. The Midwest was up by 16.7%, the South was up by 6.2%, and the West was up by 3.7%. Meanwhile, the Northeast declined steeply by 37.7%.

Between April 2025 YTD and April 2024 YTD, 18 states posted an increase in single-family permits. The range of increases spanned 27.0% in Hawaii to 0.2% in Maine. The remaining 32 states and the District of Columbia reported declines in single-family permits with New Mexico reporting the steepest decline of 27.5%.

The ten states issuing the highest number of single-family permits combined accounted for 63.6% of the total single-family permits issued. Texas, the state with the highest number of single-family permits, issued 52,654 permits over the first four months of 2025; This is a decline of 7.4% compared to the same period last year. The second highest state, Florida, decreased by 9.3%, while the third highest, North Carolina, posted a decline of 1.5%.

Between April 2025 YTD and April 2024 YTD, 26 states recorded growth in multifamily permits, while 24 states and the District of Columbia recorded a decline. Alaska (+312.5%) led the way with a sharp rise in multifamily permits from 24 to 99, while New York had the biggest decline of 58.7% from 14,389 to 5,946.

The ten states issuing the highest number of multifamily permits combined accounted for 61.1% of the multifamily permits issued. Over the first four months of 2025, Florida, the state with the highest number of multifamily permits issued, experienced an increase of 18.7%. Texas, the second-highest state in multifamily permits, saw an increase of 6.8%. California, the third largest multifamily issuing state, increased by 0.2%.

At the local level, below are the top ten metro areas that issued the highest number of single-family permits.

For multifamily permits, below are the top ten local areas that issued the highest number of permits.

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In Research & Trends

Producer Prices Rise in May: New Construction Input Analysis

June 12, 2025 No Comments

Prices for inputs to new residential construction—excluding capital investment, labor, and imports—rose 0.2% in May, following a (revised) decrease of 0.2% in April. These figures are taken from the most recent Producer Price Index (PPI) report published by U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The PPI measures prices that domestic producers receive for their goods and services; this differs from the Consumer Price Index which measures what consumers pay and includes both domestic products as well as imports.

The inputs to the New Residential Construction Price Index grew 1.9% from May of last year. The index can be broken into two components—the goods component increased 1.6% over the year, with services increasing 2.3%. For comparison, the total final demand index, which measures all goods and services across the economy, increased 2.6% over the year, with final demand with respect to goods up 1.3% and final demand for services up 3.2% over the year.

Input Goods

The goods component has a larger importance to the total residential construction inputs price index, representing around 60%. For the month, the price of input goods to new residential construction was up 0.1% in May.

The input goods to residential construction index can be further broken down into two separate components, one measuring energy inputs with the other measuring remaining goods. The latter of these two components simply represents building materials used in residential construction, which makes up around 93% of the goods index.

Energy input prices were up 0.8% between April and May but were 9.8% lower than one year ago. Building material prices were up 0.1% between April and May while up 2.5% compared to one year ago. Across building material inputs, the commodity with the largest monthly increase in May was parts for construction machinery and equipment, which increased 6.8% after increasing 8.4% in April.

Input Services

Prices for service inputs to residential construction reported an increase of 0.3% in May. On a year-over-year basis, service input prices are up 2.3%. The price index for service inputs to residential construction can be broken out into three separate components: a trade services component, a transportation and warehousing services component, and a services excluding trade, transportation and warehousing component (other services). The most significant component is trade services (around 60%), followed by other services (around 29%), and finally transportation and warehousing services (around 11%). The largest component, trade services, was up 2.9% from a year ago. The other services component was up 1.4% over the year. Lastly, prices for transportation and warehousing services advanced 1.8% compared to May of last year.

Inputs to New Construction Satellite Data

Within the PPI that BLS publishes, new experimental data was recently published regarding inputs to new construction. The data expands existing inputs to industry indexes by incorporating import prices with prices for domestically produced goods and services. With this additional data, users can track how industry input costs are changing among domestically produced products and imported products. This data focuses on new construction, but the complete dataset includes indices across numerous industries, found here.

New Construction input prices are primarily influenced by domestically produced goods and services, with domestic products accounting for 90% of the weight of the industry index for new construction. Imported goods make up the remaining 10% of the index. The latest available data, for March 2025, showed that domestically produced goods have experienced faster price growth compared to imported goods used in new construction. On a year-over-year basis, the index for domestic goods increased 0.8%, while prices for imported inputs fell 2.1% over the same period. Across all inputs to new construction, services prices have risen more than good inputs over the past year, as domestic services prices rose 2.2%. Across the three indexes, all inputs remain at higher levels compared to pre-pandemic prices.

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In Research & Trends

April Private Residential Construction Spending Dips

June 2, 2025 No Comments

Private residential construction spending fell by 0.9% in April, marking the third consecutive monthly decline. This decrease was primarily driven by reduced spending in single-family construction and home improvements. Compared to a year ago, total spending was down 4.8%, as the housing sector continues to navigate the economic uncertainty stemming from ongoing tariff concerns and elevated mortgage rates.

According to the latest U.S. Census Construction Spending data, single-family construction spending declined by 1.1% in April. This decrease aligns with the weakness in the April single-family starts and NAHB/Wells Fargo Housing Market Index (HMI). The April data ends seven months of growth in single-family construction spending, making it 2.2% lower than a year ago. Meanwhile improvement spending was down 0.8% in April and was 5.5% lower on a year-over-year basis. Multifamily construction spending edged down 0.1% in April, staying in the downward trend that began in December 2023. Compared to April 2024, multifamily spending was down 11.3%.

The NAHB construction spending index is shown in the graph below. The index illustrates how spending on single-family construction has slowed since early 2024 under the pressure of elevated interest rates and concerns over building material tariffs. Multifamily construction spending growth has also slowed down after the peak in July 2023. Improvement spending has also been weakening since the beginning of 2025.

Spending on private nonresidential construction was up 1% over a year ago. The annual private nonresidential spending increase was mainly due to higher spending for the class of power ($7.9 billion), followed by the office category ($3.3 billion).

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In Research & Trends

94% Multifamily Built-for-Rent Share

May 23, 2025 No Comments

According to NAHB analysis of quarterly Census data, the count of multifamily, for-rent housing starts increased during the first quarter of 2025. For the quarter, 88,000 multifamily residences started construction. Of this total, 83,000 were built-for-rent. This was almost 11% higher than the first quarter of 2024.

The market share of rental units of multifamily construction starts was 94% for the first quarter. A historical low market share of 47% for bult-for-rent multifamily construction was set during the third quarter of 2005, during the condo building boom. An average share of 80% was registered during the 1980-2002 period.

For the first quarter, there were 5,000 multifamily condo unit construction starts, flat from a year ago.

An elevated rental share of multifamily construction is holding typical apartment size below levels seen during the pre-Great Recession period. However, according to the first quarter 2025 data, the average square footage of multifamily construction starts fell back to 1,027 square feet. The median declined to 1,027 square feet.

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In Research & Trends

Gains for Multifamily Missing Middle over Last Year

May 21, 2025 No Comments

The missing middle construction sector includes development of medium-density housing, such as townhouses, duplexes and other small multifamily properties.

The multifamily segment of the missing middle (apartments in 2- to 4-unit properties) has generally disappointed since the Great Recession. However, there has been a noticeable uptick for this type of housing construction in recent data. For the first quarter of 2025, there were 5,000 2- to 4-unit housing unit construction starts. This is flat relative to the first quarter of 2024.

However, over the last four quarters this type of construction totaled 23,000 units, up 53% over the four quarters prior to that period.

As a share of all multifamily production, 2- to 4-unit development was just above 6% of total multifamily development for the first quarter. However this is still lower than recent historic trends. From 2000 to 2010, such home construction made up a little less than 11% of total multifamily construction.

Construction of the missing middle has clearly lagged during the post-Great Recession period and will continue to do so without zoning reform focused on light-touch density. But recent data offer hope for additional housing supply for these kind of homes.

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In Research & Trends

Single-Family Home Size Trending Higher

May 20, 2025 No Comments

An expected impact of the virus crisis was a need for more residential space, as people used homes for more purposes including work. Home size correspondingly increased in 2021 as interest rates reached historic lows. However, as interest rates increased in 2022 and 2023, and housing affordability worsened, the demand for home size has trended lower.

According to first quarter 2025 data from the Census Quarterly Starts and Completions by Purpose and Design and NAHB analysis, median single-family square floor area was 2,190 square feet, near the highest reading since mid-2023. Average (mean) square footage for new single-family homes registered at 2,408 square feet.

The average size of a new single-family home, on a one-year moving average basis, trended higher to 2,386 square feet, while the median size is at 2,172 square feet.

Home size increased from 2009 to 2015 as entry-level new construction lost market share. Home size declined between 2016 and 2020 as more starter homes were developed. After a brief increase during the post-COVID building boom, home size has trended lower due to declining affordability conditions.

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In Research & Trends

Slight Gains for Townhouse Construction

May 20, 2025 No Comments

Townhouse construction expanded more than 2 percent on a year-over-year basis per data from the first quarter of 2025.

According to NAHB analysis of the most recent Census data of Starts and Completions by Purpose and Design, during the first quarter of 2025, single-family attached starts totaled 43,000. Over the last four quarters, townhouse construction starts totaled a strong 175,000 homes, which is 2% higher than the prior four-quarter period (171,000). Townhouses made up 19% of single-family housing starts for the first quarter of the year, near a data series high.

Using a one-year moving average, the market share of newly-built townhouses stood at 17.6% of all single-family starts for the first quarter. With recent gains, the four-quarter moving average market share is the highest on record, for data going back to 1985.

Prior to the current cycle, the peak market share of the last two decades for townhouse construction was set during the first quarter of 2008, when the percentage reached 14.6% on a one-year moving average basis. This high point was set after a fairly consistent increase in the share beginning in the early 1990s.

The long-run prospects for townhouse construction are positive given growing numbers of homebuyers looking for medium-density residential neighborhoods, such as urban villages that offer walkable environments and other amenities. Where it can be zoned, it can be built.

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In Research & Trends

Flat Growth for Single-Family Built-for-Rent

May 19, 2025 No Comments

Single-family built-for-rent construction posted flat growth on a year-over-year basis, as a higher cost of financing crowded out development activity.

According to NAHB’s analysis of data from the Census Bureau’s Quarterly Starts and Completions by Purpose and Design, there were approximately 19,000 single-family built-for-rent (SFBFR) starts during the first quarter of 2025. This is flat relative to the first quarter of 2024. Over the last four quarters, 84,000 such homes began construction, which is a 4% increase compared to the 81,000 estimated SFBFR starts in the four quarters prior to that period.

The SFBFR market is a source of inventory amid challenges over housing affordability and downpayment requirements in the for-sale market, particularly during a period when a growing number of people want more space and a single-family structure. Single-family built-for-rent construction differs in terms of structural characteristics compared to other newly-built single-family homes, particularly with respect to home size. However, investor demand for single-family homes, both existing and new, has cooled with higher interest rates.

Given the relatively small size of this market segment, the quarter-to-quarter movements typically are not statistically significant. The current four-quarter moving average of market share (8%) is nonetheless higher than the historical average of 2.7% (1992-2012).

Importantly, as measured for this analysis, the estimates noted above include only homes built and held by the builder for rental purposes. The estimates exclude homes that are sold to another party for rental purposes, which NAHB estimates may represent another three to five percent of single-family starts based on industry surveys.

The Census data notes an elevated share of single-family homes built as condos (non-fee simple), with this share averaging more than 4% over recent quarters. Some, but certainly not all, of these homes will be used for rental purposes. Additionally, it is theoretically possible some single-family built-for-rent units are being counted in multifamily starts, as a form of “horizontal multifamily,” given these units are often built on a single plat of land. However, spot checks by NAHB with permitting offices indicate no evidence of this data issue occurring.

With the onset of the Great Recession and declines for the homeownership rate, the share of built-for-rent homes increased in the years after the recession. While the market share of SFBFR homes is small, it has clearly expanded. Given affordability challenges in the for-sale market, the SFBFR market will likely retain an elevated market share. However, in the near-term, SFBFR construction is likely to slow until the return on new deals improves.

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In Research & Trends

Flat Custom Home Building Trends

May 19, 2025 No Comments

NAHB’s analysis of Census Data from the Quarterly Starts and Completions by Purpose and Design survey indicates flat year-over year growth for custom home builders. The custom building market is less sensitive to the interest rate cycle than other forms of home building but is more sensitive to changes in household wealth and stock prices.

There were 34,000 total custom building starts during the first quarter of 2025. This was unchanged relative to the first quarter of 2024. Over the last four quarters, custom housing starts totaled 181,000 homes, just more than a 2% increase compared to the prior four quarter total (177,000).

Currently, the market share of custom home building, based on a one-year moving average, is approximately 18% of total single-family starts. This is down from a prior cycle peak of 31.5% set during the second quarter of 2009 and the 21% recent peak rate at the beginning of 2023, after which spec home building gained market share.

Note that this definition of custom home building does not include homes intended for sale, so the analysis in this post uses a narrow definition of the sector. It represents home construction undertaken on a contract basis for which the builder does not hold tax basis in the structure during construction.

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In Research & Trends

Single-Family Starts Down on Economic and Tariff Uncertainty

May 16, 2025 No Comments

Economic uncertainty stemming from tariff issues, elevated mortgage rates and rising building material costs pushed single-family housing starts lower in April.

Overall housing starts increased 1.6% in April to a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 1.36 million units, according to a report from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and the U.S. Census Bureau.

The April reading of 1.36 million starts is the number of housing units builders would begin if development kept this pace for the next 12 months. Within this overall number, single-family starts decreased 2.1% to a 927,000 seasonally adjusted annual rate and are down 12.0% compared to April 2024. On a year-to-date basis, single-family starts are down 7.1%. The three-month moving average (a useful gauge given recent volatility) is down to 991,000 units, as charted below.

The multifamily sector, which includes apartment buildings and condos, increased 10.7% to an annualized 434,000 pace. The three-month moving average for multifamily construction has trended upward to a 406,000-unit annual rate. On a year-over-year basis, multifamily construction is up 30.7%.

On a regional and year-to-date basis, combined single-family and multifamily starts were 19.8% higher in the Northeast, 4.4% higher in the Midwest, 3.4% higher in the West , and 7.4% lower in the South.

The total number of single-family homes and apartments under construction was 1.4 million units in April. This is the lowest total since June 2021. Total housing units now under construction are 14.3% lower than a year ago. Single-family units under construction fell to a count of 630,000—down 7.1% compared to a year ago. The number of multifamily units under construction has fallen to 788,000 units. This is down 15.6% compared to a year ago.

On a 3-month moving average basis, there are currently 1.3 apartments completing construction for every one that is beginning construction. While apartment construction starts are down, the number of completed units entering the market is rising due to prior elevated construction levels. Year-to-date, the pace of completions for apartments in buildings with five or more units is down 3.4% in 2025 compared to 2024. An elevated pace of completions in 2025 for multifamily construction will place some downward pressure on rent growth.

Overall permits decreased 4.7% to a 1.41-million-unit annualized rate in April. Single-family permits decreased 5.1% to a 922,000-unit rate and are down 6.2% compared to April 2024. Multifamily permits decreased 3.7% to a 490,000 pace but are up 2.9% compared to April 2024.

Looking at regional permit data on a year-to-date basis, permits were 5.1% higher in the Midwest, 3.5% lower in the West, 3.8% lower in the South, and 20.3% lower in the Northeast.

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